AAFCO

AAFCO, Association of American Feed Control Officials, is a voluntary membership association of local, state, and federal agencies charged by law to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound that provides energy for the metabolic processes in all living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and RNA synthesis.

Abscess

An abscess is a pocket of pus that forms in any part of the body.

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that occurs throughout the nervous system and is essential for cell-to-cell communication.

Achromotrichia

Achromotrichia is the loss of normal hair coloration, especially on the head and face

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal is a substance used in dogs to help treat poisoning or accidental ingestion of harmful substances.

Acute

A condition with a sudden onset

Acute Pain

An acute pain is a sharp, shooting pain that comes on suddenly.

Addison's Disease

Also called adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenocorticism, Addison's disease is a disorder resulting in the production of too little cortisol and aldosterone.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for many biological processes in living cells.

Adipocytes

Adipocytes, also known as fat cells, are cells that store fat.

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone that is produced by fat cells that reduce inflammation and the formation of fatty deposits in the arteries.

Afoxolaner

Afoxolaner is the active ingredient in NexGard®

Agglomeration

Grouping together or collecting in mass

Albumin

Albumin is a type of protein found in your dog's blood that plays an important role in maintaining proper fluid balance, transporting nutrients, and supporting overall health.

Allergy

An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to a normally harmless substance, such as pollen, certain foods, flea bites, or dust mites.

Alopecia

Alopecia is the loss of hair, and it can occur in many places on a dog.

Alpha-Linoleic Acid

Alpha linoleic acid is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that is required for maintaining the health of the skin and coat.

Amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins essential for your dog’s overall health and well-being.

Amylase

Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas in dogs. It is also found in the saliva of most other mammals and is involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Analgesic

Analgesics are drugs that reduce or eliminate pain, especially when combined with other treatments, such as surgery or physical therapy.

Anchovy

Anchovies are small fish full of flavor. Because of their size, they often travel in schools (safety in numbers!). They are often preyed on by other larger fish.

Anemia

Anemia is a condition in which the body doesn't have enough red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen.

Animal fat

Animal fat in dog food is a source of energy and essential fatty acids that are important for your dog’s overall health. It comes from the tissue of animals like chickens, beef, or pork and is used in dog food to help provide calories and support healthy skin, coat, and cell function.

Anorexia

Anorexia is a condition characterized by the loss of appetite, leading to weight loss.

Anthelmintic

Anthelmintic is a group of drugs that kill parasites.

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon in which bacteria become immune to the effects of certain antibiotics.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics for dogs are medications used to treat bacterial infections, such as skin, ear, respiratory, or urinary tract infections. These medications kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, helping your dog recover from illness. Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections and won’t help with viral or fungal infections.

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to neutralize and fight foreign invaders.

Antiemetic

Antiemetics are drugs that prevent vomiting.

Antifungal

Antifungals are drugs used to treat fungal infections.

Antigen

An antigen is a molecule that the immune system can recognize as foreign, such as a virus or bacteria.

Antihistamine

An antihistamine is a type of medicine that targets histamine receptors in the body.

Antimycotics

Antifungal medication

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are compounds that help protect your dog's cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

Anxiety

Anxiety, caused by changes in their environment, separation from their owners, fear of loud noises, unfamiliar situations or people, and past trauma can affect a dog's quality of life and overall well-being.

Apoquel

Apoquel is a prescription medication for treating itching and inflammation caused by dog allergies. It works by blocking certain chemicals in the dog's body that trigger itching, redness, and irritation.

Apple cider vinegar

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a type of vinegar made from fermented apples and is sometimes used as a natural remedy for dogs. It is known for its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps digestion by increasing the stomach’s acid levels, which results in better absorption, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, is antibacterial and antifungal, has anti-inflammatory properties, and also contains iron, potassium, and magnesium, as well as other essential vitamins and minerals! ⁣

Arginine

Arginine is an amino acid that's important for immune function, wound healing and fighting infections.

Arthritis

A common condition that affects the joints, resulting in pain, inflammation, and reduced mobility. It is most commonly seen in older dogs but can occur in dogs of any age.

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid, also known as synthetic Vitamin C. Natural vitamin C is composed of the cofactors rutin, bioflavonoids, Factor K, Factor P, tyrosinase, Ascorbinase, and other components, which all work together. Synthetic vitamin C is ascorbic acid only.

Asthma

Asthma is a condition that causes wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Astringent

Astringent for dogs is a substance that is used to reduce bleeding and inflammation.

Ataxia

Ataxia is the presence of uncoordinated and abnormal movements.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty deposits build up inside the arteries.

Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own cells and tissues.

Autoimmune Response

Autoimmune diseases are one of the most common causes of chronic illness in dogs.

Autophagy

Autophagy is the body’s way of cleaning out damaged cells, in order to regenerate newer, healthier cells.

Avermectin

Avermectin is a class of compounds derived from naturally occurring bacteria called Streptomyces avermitilis.

Azo dyes

chemicals that provide color to foods and textiles

BCS

Body Condition Score

Bee pollen

Bee pollen is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, and other components. Bees spread pollen from flower to flower, fertilizing plants so that they produce berries, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. More than 100 crops grown in the US are pollinated by honeybees!

Beef aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in a dog's body, responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It starts at the heart's left ventricle and travels through the chest and abdomen, branching into smaller arteries that deliver blood to the organs and tissues. The aorta plays a crucial role in circulating blood, ensuring that your dog's body gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly.

Beef backstrap

Beef backstrap is a tendon that runs along the spinal cord of cattle. When air dried, the backstrap makes for a tough chew that provides mental stimulation and releases endorphins. When in its raw form, it still makes for a great chew but also a great addition into a raw diet!

Beef liver

The liver is a vital organ in cattle, sheep, elk, and many other animals (humans!). It helps detoxify the body, helps with digestion, produces proteins, and secretes bile. The liver is by far the most nutrient-dense organ you can feed your dog.

Beef pizzle

A beef pizzle is a dog chew made from the air-dried penis of a bull.

Beef spleen

The spleen is an important organ in a dog's body that plays several key roles in maintaining overall health. Its primary functions include filtering and recycling blood cells, particularly red blood cells. The spleen removes old or damaged red blood cells, while valuable components like iron are recycled to make new red blood cells.

Beef tendon

Beef tendon is a tough, fibrous part of the cow's connective tissue, typically found around joints. Due to its durability and nutritional benefits, it is commonly used as a natural chew treat for dogs.

Beef trachea

Beef tracheas are the windpipes of cows, and they are often used as natural chews for dogs.

Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene is a natural pigment and antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables, particularly those with vibrant orange, red, or yellow colors. It belongs to a group of compounds called carotenoids, which are precursors to vitamin A.

Bile

Bile is a yellow, bitter-tasting liquid that helps with the digestion of fats.

Bioavailable

Bioavailability refers to how easily and efficiently a nutrient or substance can be absorbed and used by your dog's body. When something is highly bioavailable, it means your dog can digest and absorb the nutrients from that food or supplement more effectively.

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF)

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF) is a raw diet designed to provide dogs with a homemade diet consisting of raw meaty bones, muscle meat, vegetables, and fruit while eliminating all processed foods and grains. A complete BARF diet for dogs consists of 70% muscle meat, 10% raw edible bone, 5% liver, 5% other-secreting organ, and 10% vegetables and fruit.

Biotin

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is a cofactor that is required for the metabolic process to work properly.

Bison Scapula

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a wing shaped piece of cartilage and bone that connects the front limbs to the torso.

Bison Spleen

The spleen is an important part of the immune system. It clears out old blood cells, and stores white blood cells and platelets, which are both important in fighting off infections.

Bladder stone

A bladder stone is a hard, crystalline deposit that forms in the urinary bladder

Bleached tripe

White or bleached tripe refers to the cleaned and treated stomach lining of cattle or other ruminants (such as sheep or goats). Tripe is typically prepared from the first three chambers of the animal's stomach. The process of "bleaching" involves cleaning the tripe by boiling it in a chemical solution, usually containing chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, to remove impurities, bacteria, and natural color. This results in the tripe turning white, giving it a more visually appealing appearance for culinary use.

Body Fat

Body fat, also called adipose tissue, is necessary for energy storage, insulation and temperature regulation, protection of the organs, and hormone regulation. Hormones such as leptin and adiponectin are produced by adipose tissue and play a role in appetite control, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.

Bone broth

Bone broth is a nutritious liquid for dogs made by simmering animal bones (such as chicken, beef, or pork) in water for an extended period, typically 12-24 hours.

Bone meal

A type of dietary supplement made from crushed and ground animal bones, typically sourced from livestock or fish processing facilities.

Boron

Boron is a trace mineral found naturally in the earth's crust, soil, water, and various foods. It is an essential micronutrient required in small amounts for various physiological functions in dogs.

Botulism

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal paralytic illness in dogs.

Brachycephalic

Brachycephalic animals have skulls that are shorter and wider than normal, giving them a "pushed-in" appearance

Brewers rice

Brewer's rice is a by-product of the rice milling process. It consists of small, broken grains of white rice that are left over after the rice has been processed for human consumption.

By-product

Animal by-products are parts of an animal that are not typically consumed by humans but can still provide nutritional value for pets, including dogs. These include organs like the liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as parts such as bones, blood, and fatty tissue.

CBC

A complete blood count (CBC) is a test that checks the number and types of cells in your pet's blood.

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral for dogs, playing a crucial role in various physiological functions within their bodies, especially maintaining strong bones and teeth.

Calcium carbonate

A chemical compound that is one of the most common forms of calcium found in nature.

Calcium citrate

A calcium salt derived from citric acid

Candidiasis

Candidiasis, also known as thrush or yeast infection, is a fungal infection that affects the mouth and skin of dogs.

Capelin

Capelin is a small foraging fish in the smelt family. It is a coldwater fish found in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and the Arctic.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are macronutrients in foods that provide energy to the body. They are made of sugars, starches, and fibers in bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (a type of sugar) in the body, which is the primary energy source for cells, tissues, and organs.

Carcass

A carcass is the dead body of an animal.

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance that can cause cancer.

Carnivore

A carnivore is an animal that primarily eats meat to meet its nutritional needs.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a tough but flexible connective tissue that cushions joints.

Catabolism

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules to form smaller ones.

Cavity

Cavities, also known as dental caries, are decayed areas in the teeth caused by bacterial action leading to the destruction of tooth enamel and underlying structures.

Cellular Energy

Energy is produced and utilized by cells to carry out various functions such as growth, division, and movement. The energy used by cells is primarily derived from the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose and fatty acids through a process called cellular respiration.

Cellulase

Digestive enzyme that breaks down cellulose, an insoluble fiber.

Chia seeds

Chia seeds are tiny seeds from the Salvia hispanica plant. They are packed with nutrients that can benefit dogs.

Chicken feet

Chicken feet are bony and surrounded by cartilage and skin. They are a natural, nutrient-rich treat for dogs made from the feet of chickens. Chicken feet are high in glucosamine and chondroitin, which are beneficial for supporting joint health, especially in aging or active dogs. Additionally, they are a good source of protein and collagen, which help maintain healthy skin, coat, and joints.

Chicken heart

Hearts are the muscular organs that pump blood throughout the body of all animals.

Chicken liver

Chicken liver is an organ meat from chickens that is used as a component in a fresh or raw food diet for dogs.

Chicken neck

A chicken neck is the part of a chicken's anatomy that connects the head to the body. It contains a small amount of meat, along with bones, cartilage, and connective tissue.

Choline

Choline plays a key role in fat metabolism, neurotransmission, and liver function.

Chondroitin

Chondroitin sulfate is the major glycosaminoglycan (GAGS) found in cartilage.

Chronic

Chronic refers to a condition or disease that persists over a long period of time or is constantly recurring.

Chronic dehydration

Dehydration can be caused by a number of factors, including an inability to drink enough water or an inability to absorb fluids due to kidney failure. Chronic dehydration can lead to serious health problems and even death if left untreated.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD in dogs is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and toxins from the blood, balancing fluids, and regulating essential minerals like potassium and sodium. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to perform these functions declines over time, leading to a buildup of waste in the dog's body.

Circadian rhythm

The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavior changes that occur in the body within a 24-hour cycle.

Coccidia

Coccidia is a parasitic disease that can affect dogs and cats.

Coconut oil

Coconut oil is a natural oil extracted from the meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).

Coefficient of Fermentation

Fermentation is the process that breaks down substances into simpler substances.

Colitis

Colitis is a disease of the large intestine that causes inflammation and ulceration of the mucosal lining of the colon.

Colloidal Silver

Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny silver particles dispersed in a liquid, typically water. It is a dietary supplement or alternative remedy for treating various infections, boosting the immune system, or promoting healing.

Colloidal silver

Colloidal silver serves as a natural antibiotic helps fight a wide variety of infections such as yeast infections, sore throats, and eye infections.

Colostrum

Colostrum is the first form of milk mammals produce, including dogs, immediately after giving birth.

Cooling proteins (Yin)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that all beings have natural energy that requires balance, which can be achieved through various factors, such as food. In TCM, "cooling proteins" refer to foods or ingredients classified as having "cool" or "cold" properties, meaning they help to balance excess heat in the body.

Coprophagia

Coprophagia is the eating of feces.

Corn

Corn is a cereal plant that yields large grains. Whole corn is considered a vegetable, and the corn kernel itself (from which popcorn comes) is considered a grain. Corn lacks nutritional value for dogs, so it's best to stay away from any dog food that contains corn.

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids for dogs are used as an anti-inflammatory medication.

Cortisol

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone, that increases glucose in the blood, enhances the brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

Cow Ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance and is mostly made of cartilage.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal wear and tear on the muscles of the body.

Cucurbitin

Cucurbutin is a naturally occurring amino acid found primarily in the seeds of plants from the Cucurbitaceae family, such as pumpkins, squash, and gourds.GI tract

Cystoscopic guided removal

A procedure in which a cystoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, is used to visualize and guide the removal of a bladder stone from the bladder or urethra.

Degenerative Joint Disease

Degenerative joint disease in dogs is a condition that affects the joints, specifically the cartilage and bone.

Dental calculus

Dental calculus is synonymous with tartar. It is a hardened accumulation of mineralized dental plaque that adheres to the teeth' surfaces. It's a yellow or brownish-colored substance that can form both above and below the gum line.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes occurs when the pancreas can't produce enough insulin to control blood sugar levels.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Commonly referred to as DKA. DKA is a serious, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus caused by the body's insufficient insulin.

Digestive Enzymes

Produced by the body to break down food so that it is easier to digest. they are properties of all living cells that bring about changes in the body and one of the most important forces of energy in every living cell

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious heart condition in dogs where the heart's muscles become weakened and enlarged, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently. As the heart's walls thin and stretch, it struggles to supply the body with enough oxygenated blood, which can lead to symptoms like lethargy, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fainting. Over time, DCM can result in heart failure if left untreated.

Disaccharide

Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharide units linked together.

Diuretic

Natural or pharmaceuticals that are used to reduce water retention.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter and precursor of other substances, including epinephrine

detox

Detoxing is when the body rids of toxic or unhealthy substances. dogs that have been over vaccinated, treated with chemical flea treatments, suffering with allergies may need to be detoxified.

domesticated

An animal that has been tamed by humankind. They are often kept as pets, livestock, or used to help people through their every day lives

duck feet

Duck feet are very similar to chicken feet, however most duck feet tend to be a bit larger than chicken feet! They are surrounded by cartilage, and unlike chicken feet, are webbed to help ducks get around in water. Duck feet make great snacks, chews and are a great addition into any diet.

duck head

Duck heads are comprised of skin, bone, eyes, brain, and tongue.

duck neck

Duck neck is the part of the body that supports the head. It contains vertebrae and is the start of the spinal cord. Duck necks are usually in between sizes of chicken neck and turkey neck and make for great chews

duck wing

The wings of the duck are appendages that help them fly and are covered in feathers.

EPA

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that can be found in oily fish.

Encapsulation

The action of enclosing something in or as in a capsule.

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is often called adrenaline.

e-collar

A training collar used on dogs that deliver stimulation that correct unwanted behaviors.

edible bones

edible bones are hollow, non weight-bearing bones that are soft, pliable, and don't contain marrow which are commonly fed in the average raw feeders bowl for bone content

eggs

Eggs are laid by poultry and are an important source of nutrition for not only many predators, but for the chick living inside it. Inside the egg are all the nutrients necessary to grow a new chicken. Eggs are also one of the most complete sources of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

elk

The elk is a large type of deer that has large antlers and usually lives in the forest or grassy areas. They are ruminants and have four chambers in their stomachs, similar to cattle. Although elk is similar to deer and venison, it is not actually deer or vension, rather just part of the deer family!

epithelial cells

Epithelial cells line cavities, cover flat surfaces and serve as a barrier between tissues that come into contact with the outside world (such as skin) and internal organs.

essential amino acids

Essential amino acids are the ones the body cannot produce and must be obtained through proper nutrition.

extrusion

in terms of making kibble: the process of cooking ingredients at extremely high temperatures such as 400 degrees, and pushing the final solid product out through molds to make small, uniform pellets.

Facultative carnivore

Facultative carnivores are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food.

Fasting

Abstinence from food

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are stored in body fat.

Fatigue

A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, where the dog appears weak, inactive, and lacks energy.

Fipronil

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that disrupts the nervous system of fleas and ticks, leading to their paralysis and death.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are compounds naturally found in many fruits and vegetables.

Flumethrin

Flumethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used in flea collars

Fluralaner

Fluralaner is the active ingredient in Bravecto®

Folic acid

Also known as Vitamin B9 is found in leafy green vegetables, and the organ meat of liver and kidneys

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde, is a chemical commonly used to kill germs and to preserve laboratory specimens and tissues.

Free radicals

Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging.

Fructo-oligosaccharides

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are derived from fruit and root vegetables fructose molecules

Fructose

Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide and is often called fruit sugar.

fatty acids

Fatty acids are the building blocks of fat. The body breaks down fat that we eat into fatty acids so that the body can absorb them. There are two types of fatty acids, saturated and unsaturated fats.

fermentation

Fermentation occurs as a result of oxidation causing a release of energy to produce organic acids, gases, and/or alcohol.

freeze dried

Freeze drying is a form of processing used in commercial raw diets that remove all moisture from the food, making it shelf stable, and convenient.

GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GLM

Green Lipped Mussels are bivalve molluscs from New Zealand. They are a great supplement for joint pain and skin issues in dogs.

Galactooligosaccharides

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are derived from dairy, beans, and root vegetables.

Galactose

Galactose is known as milk sugar as it is found in the milk of all mammals.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums, specifically the gingiva—the soft tissue surrounding the base of the teeth. It's a common oral health issue and often an early stage of periodontal disease.

Gluconeogenesis

The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins.

Glucose

Glucose is one of the three simplest forms of carbohydrates.

Glucosinolates

A large group of plant metabolites with nutritional effects and biologically active compounds. Glucosinolates are mainly found in cruciferous plants, such as broccoli and cauliflower.

Glycogen

Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules that are stored in the liver and muscles.

Grain-Free

Grain-free pet food is made without corn, wheat, soy, rice, oats and buckwheat.

Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of your dog.

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut-brain axis (GBA)is the bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system.

garlic

Garlic is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. Garlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use

gastric lipase

Gastric lipase is an enzyme secreted by the stomach to assist in the breakdown of fats within the food.

gluceogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body converts non-sugar compounds into glucose (sugar).

glucosamine

Glucosamine is a natural compound found in cartilage.

gluten

family of proteins that are often found in wheat, barley, and rye. In pet food, gluten helps foods maintain their shape, acting as a glue that holds food together.

goat’s milk

milk is a liquid produced by female mammals for their young. It is generally very fatty and has a lot of nutrients. Milk is also used to make many other dairy products.

grain fed

Grain fed cows are fed in large feedlots called concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and are fed a grain-based feed, usually of soy or corn. They are usually overfed and administered heavy doses of antibiotics to combat the illnesses developed from trying to digest grains and overcrowding.

grain finished

Grain-finished cows are fed a grain heavy diet generally 1-3 months before slaughter, regardless if they are pasture-raised for the majority of their life

grass fed

Grass fed cows are cattle that are allowed to graze and forage for their own food although standards aren't set for meat to be labelled grass fed. Grass fed cows eat mostly grass or hay but the majority of these cows are still fed grain before slaughter.

grass finished

Grass-finished is a clarifying term for cows that are strictly fed grass or hay (and their mother's milk at a young age) for their entire lives

green tripe

The unprocessed lining of the stomach of ruminants (elk, cattle, sheep). The green is in reference to the partially digested plant matter in the animals stomach.

Humectant

Humectants are used to preserve the water content in semi-moist dog food and treats during processing. They bind to the water to make it unavailable for bacterial growth.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is an increase in the serum calcium level.

Hyperlipidemia

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high levels of fat, and/or fatty substances in the blood.

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is an increase in blood levels of phosphorus.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Excessive level of triglycerides in the blood.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is a decrease in the serum calcium level.

Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia is a decrease in blood levels of phosphorus that can occur due to intestinal malabsorption or kidney disease.

Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate levels of thyroid hormones

head collar

the head collar works like a halter on a horse and fits like one. It goes over the dog's head, and the leash attaches to the bottom clip.

high pressure processing (hpp)

HPP, an alternative to heat processing, is a type of processing that is used mainly in commercial diets to rid raw foods of bacteria.

high quality protein

A high-quality protein nourishes the body with amino acids. Tissues from chicken, turkey, fish, cattle, lamb, and viscera such as liver, lung, and spleen are all examples of high protein component.

homeopathy

An alternative medical or veterinary modality for treating disease or disorders.

honey

Raw honey is a staple diet of bees and enjoyed by many other mammals as well. raw honey actually has quite a few benefits although does not belong in a dog's diet every day

hot (yang) proteins

Traditional chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that a person's (or animal's) natural energy requires balance that can be achieved through a variety of factors such as food. each animal protein or plant-based ingredient has an energy that can interact with your pet's natural energy - for pets with cool energies (yin), feeding hot proteins (yang) help rebalance their energy to promote health and happiness.

human grade

A human grade dog food must provide documentation that every ingredient must be edible for humans and the food must meet federal manufacturing and packaging regulations. Most dog foods don't meet these standards and many human grade ingredients may not be automatically safe or healthy for an animal.

hyperinsulinemia

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which the body produces too much insulin.

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is an insecticide that acts on the nervous system of fleas, causing paralysis and death.

Infertility

Inability of dogs to reproduce. most commonly caused by improper breed management or male infertility, but can be the result of poor nutrition or disease conditions..

Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition in which a normal amount of insulin causes an inadequate decrease in blood glucose levels.

Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting is an eating plan that switches between fasting and eating on a regular schedule.

Isoxazolines

Isoxazolines are the most commonly used insecticides and acaricides in the form of oral chewable tablets for dogs to kill fleas and ticks and prevent flea and tick infestations.

Ivermectin

Ivermectin is the most commonly used avermectin derivative.

inflammation

Reddened, swollen, hot, and painful.

ingredient splitting

Ingredient splitting is a clever technique used by commercial pet food companies to increase the visibility of a desirable ingredient while decreasing the visibility of a filler ingredient.

insoluble fiber

Insoluble fiber is indigestible fiber. The body doesn't break it down so the form it goes in is the form it goes out! Known as "roughage", examples of insoluble fiber include whole wheat, potatoes, and the skin, stalks, and seeds of many fruits and vegetables.

intolerance

An intolerance occurs when a dog has difficulty digesting or processing a particular food. when a dog has a food intolerance, you may notice that they are able to eat small amounts of the food without having an immediate reaction. you may also be able to prevent a reaction.

ivermectin

Ivermectin is a common systemic insecticide used to treat infections caused by roundworms, threadworms, and other parasites. although ivermectin is frequently found in over the counter pet flea treatments, the side effects are extremely dangerous.

jacobson's organ

An organ located in the roof of the animal's mouth. The Jacobson's organ can detect pheromones for mating or marking territory.

Kennel Cough

a canine respiratory infection known as infectious tracheobronchitis

Ketosis

Fat burning during fasting

kefir

A dairy product that is fermented with kefir grains (type of yeast and bacteria culture). In present day, it is made by inoculating the animal with kefir grains, however in the past, it was mixed in a animal-skin bag and hung by a doorway, so whenever anyone walked by, they would knock the bag and keep the grains and milk mixed.

kibble

Kibble was invented in the late 1940's, early 50's and is made of ground up ingredients such as meat, grains, vegetables and other materials and then shaped into pellets. Before kibble was invented, dogs were eating raw meat, edible bone and organ.

LDL

Low-density Lipoprotein

Lactase

Lactase is the digestive enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Lactose

Lactose is the the sugar found in mammalian milk. It contains a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose.

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is the partial or total inability to digest lactose.

Lauric acid

Lauric acid is a Medium Chain Triglyceride found in coconut oil.

Lethargy

Feeling tired, sluggish, or lacking in energy or enthusiasm.

Lipase

Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream.

Lotilaner

Lotilaner is the active ingredient in Credelio®

Lufenuron

Lufenuron controls flea infestations by preventing eggs from hatching and the flea shell from developing.

lamb ears

The ears are attached to the head and allow sheep to hear and also helps with balance as well.

lamb femur

Lamb femur is also known as the thighbone, and helps support the sheep’s weight. It is incredibly strong and can take a lot of impact.

lamb liver

Similar to beef liver, but a more hypoallergenic option, lamb liver helps detoxify the body, secrete bile, helps digestion, and makes proteins.

lamb lung

lungs are a vital organ in all mammals (and some other animals too!). The lungs allow air to pass through and remove carbon dioxide (which can be toxic) from the blood. They are connected to the trachea and are usually located in the chest area.

lamb trachea

The trachea is also known as the windpipe, and is a passageway for air through the body into the lungs. It is surrounded by cartilage.

lamb weasand

The weasand is also known as the esophagus, the tube that moves the food from the mouth into the stomach.

larch

Larch Arabinogalactin is a natural prebiotic fiber that is found in the Western Larch tree. Arabinogalactin is the scientific name for this type of fiber, or sugar, and is also found in many fruits and vegetables like apples, radishes, and tomatoes.

laser lithotripsy

A minimally invasive procedure that can be used for the treatment of bladder stones in dogs.

linoleic acid

Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and essential for dogs. Their bodies cannot produce it on their own.

MCS

Muscle Condition Score

MCT

Medium-Chain Triglycerides

Macrophages

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell

Malondialdehyde

A byproduct of lipid (fat) metabolism

Maltose

Maltose consists of two glucose molecules.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS)

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Manuka honey

Manuka honey is a type of honey native to New Zealand. It’s produced by bees who pollinate the flower Leptospermum scoparium, commonly known as the manuka bush. Manuka honey’s antibacterial properties are what set it apart from traditional honey.

Martingale collar

A martingale collar is like a regular collar but has two loops. The first goes over the dog's head, and the second is attached to the leash. This way, when the dog pulls, you can correct it by applying pressure.

Medicinal mushrooms

Medical mushrooms are fungi known for their potential health benefits. They have been used for centuries in traditional medicine.

Melatonin

A naturally occurring neurohormone that is synthesized from tryptophan

Metabolism

A complex process by which your dog’s body converts what his food into energy.

Methoprene

Methoprene is a slow-acting insecticide that interferes with the growth cycle of an insect to prevent it from maturing and reproducing.

Mitral valve disease

Mitral valve disease is a problem with the valve located between the left heart chambers (left atrium and left ventricle)

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

meat meal

meat meal is an ingredient in pet food that is made from taking slaughterhouse and fish processing factory remnants that are not edible for humans, and cooking them, processing them under high heat, and dehydrating them into a dry powdery substance that goes into kibble.

mental stimulation

exercises that encourage brain activity such as problem solving, memory, and learning.

microchipping

an electronic chip inserted into the dog's shoulder that can be scanned to identify the animal.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that carry signals from cell to cell

Niacin

Niacin, or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in some foods.

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide is produced by nearly every type of cell in the human body and is one of the most important molecules for blood vessel health.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is an essential neurotransmitter that causes an increase in heart rate and blood pumping from the heart and increases blood pressure when needed.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells.

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the structural units of nucleic acids.

neutral proteins

traditional chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that a person's (or animal's) natural energy requires balance that can be achieved through a variety of factors such as food. each animal protein or plant-based ingredient has an energy that can interact with your pet's natural energy. neutral foods will tonify Qi and blood and harmonize Yin and Yang.

no pull harness

a no pull harness is a harness that clips in front and often has a martingale attachment and discourages pulling.

nonessential amino acids

Nonessential amino acids are those that can be synthesized in the body.

Obligate carnivore

Some carnivores, called obligate carnivores, depend only on meat for survival.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units.

Organophosphates

Organophosphates are found in pesticides used on fruits and vegetables that our dogs consume.

Osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis is a common condition affecting the joints of large and giant breed dogs that grow too rapidly.

Oxidation

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

obesity

When a dog carries excess fat or excess weight on their body. This can affect their health and cause other issues and possibly lead to death.

omega-3

Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fats that are crucial for various bodily functions in both humans and animals, including dogs. They are considered essential fatty acids because the body cannot produce them and must be obtained through the diet.

organic

Organic products must meet federal guidelines set by USDA addressing soil quality, animal raising practices, pest and weed control, use of additives and much more. Prohibited substances include most synthetic fertilizers unless approved separately. Organic meat must be raised in living conditions accommodating natural behaviors like grazing, fed 100% organic feed, and not administered antibiotics and hormones.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas due to premature activation of digestive enzymes released by the pancreas, causing severe pain and inflammation.

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid is vitamin B5

Paraffin

Paraffin, a by-product of the petroleum industry, is found in candles and air fresheners.

Paralysis

Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some or all of the body.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone is produced in the parathyroid gland.

Percutaneous Cystolithotomy (PCCL)

A surgical procedure used for the removal of bladder stones in dogs.

Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease in dogs refers to an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental issues in dogs and can range from mild gum inflammation to severe damage to the gums, teeth, and underlying bone structures.

Permethrin:

Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that repels and kills fleas and ticks on contact.

Peroxidation

A reaction within the dog's body that leads to oxygen atoms forming peroxides molecules

Phytates

Phytate or phytic acid is how phosphorus is stored in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds.

Phytoestrogen

Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like compounds derived from plants

Phytonutrient

Phytonutrient literally means plant nutrient. They are compounds produced by plants that provide health benefits to the body.

Plaque

Plaque is a sticky, colorless film composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles that forms on the teeth.

Polyphenols

A compound containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are made up of thousands of monosaccharide units.

Protease

Protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Purines

Purines are a natural substance found in the body, that is formed in the body when DNA is broken down.

Pyrethroid

Pyrethroids are synthetic versions of pyrethrins

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, also known as Vitamin B6, is a coenzyme that aids in the conversion of energy sources and in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Pyrimidines

One of two chemical compounds that cells use to make the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Pyriproxyfen

Pyriproxyfen is a chemical agent often used in pesticides.

palatable

Palatable means pleasing to eat and appetizing.

pasture raised

Pasture-raised animals are animals raised for some portion of their lives on open pasture or access to a pasture as opposed to being continuously confined indoors. Pasture-raised animals may still be fed grain, usually in the winter time.

pepsin

Pepsin is an enzyme used to break down protein molecules.

phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are microscopic marine algae and serve as the base, or food, for many aquatic food chains.

pig ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance and is mostly made of cartilage. Most pet owners will feed pig ears as chews rather than as part of a meal, but you can feed ear as part of a meal if you would like. It's totally safe and nutritious!

pig foot

gives the pig mobility. They have a cloven hoof, which helps absorb impact and to protect the foot.

pig skin

The skin is a layer of tissue that protects the underlying organs, bones, and muscles from outside elements. Unlike many other mammals, pig skin is not covered with as much hair or fur.

pollock

Pollock is a whitefish that is included in many cuisines worldwide. They usually live in the northern oceans and are divided into two species: Alaskan pollock or walleye pollock. They are an alternative to cod, salmon, and haddock

pork heart

The heart pumps blood to the whole body and helps with circulation. It is crucial and without the heart, the animal will die.

pork kidney

The kidneys are a pair of organs that are located near the spine. They help produce red blood cells, filter waste from the blood, maintain blood pressure, and keep electrolytes balanced.

pork liver

Similar to beef and lamb liver, but a more hypoallergenic option, lamb liver helps detoxify the body, secrete bile, helps digestion, and makes proteins.

pork loin

the loin is located near the shoulder and the back legs of the pig, it is very tender and lean so it makes a great protein to feed as muscle meat or as snacks!

powdered cellulose

Powdered Cellulose is the structural component of the primary cell wall of plants. You'll often find high levels of cellulose in pet food formulas marketed for specific issues such as weight control, diabetes and hairballs

prescription pet food

Prescription pet food is food formulated and prescribed by veterinarians with intent to help pets with food sensitivities. Unfortunately, the ingredients are not much different from traditional dried kibble and is loaded with synthetic vitamins and minerals that are hard to process/digest and the main ingredients are by-products.

prey model raw (pmr)

PMR (Prey Model Raw) mimics the diet of a wolf without actually requiring the dog to hunt and kill wild prey. This diet eliminates all processed foods and grains. Generally, a complete PMR diet for dogs consists of 80% muscle meat, 10% raw edible bone, 10% organ (5% liver, 5% other secreting organ).

probiotics

"friendly" bacteria that live in your dog's gut and keep your dog healthy and help fight against bad bacteria

prong collar

A training tool made up of links that have prongs at the end, similar to a choke chain. The prong ends are should be shaved down.

protein turnover

Protein turnover is the process by which proteins are broken down and resynthesized in the body.

pumpkin

Canned natural pumpkin is a great source of fiber and helps with digestive upset. It is used commonly when pups get diarrhea or vomit because it helps sooth the GI tract.

quercetin

A flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Rabbit Back Feet

Rabbit feet are boney, fur covered appendages and surrounded by cartilage and skin. These are awesome to feed as a snack or to include in your pup's daily meals!

Ratio Diet

A ratio diet is a type of food that offers a specific calorie percentage, which can help your dog maintain his ideal weight.

Retinol

Retinol is the active form of vitamin A that the body can readily use.

Riboflavin

Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is one of the B vitamins, which are all water-soluble.

raw feeding

Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic dogs and cats a diet consisting primarily of uncooked meat, edible bones, and organs. The ingredients that are used to formulate raw diets can vary, but most raw feeders generally follow prey model raw (PMR) or BARF feeding.

raw meaty bones (RMB)

Raw meaty bones are generally edible bones covered in muscle meat and connective tissues. these are commonly fed in the average raw meal for bone content, but raw meaty bones can also be fed recreationally.

rawhide

Rawhide is the inner layer of cow or horse hides (skin). During manufacturing, the hides are cleaned and cut or ground. Then they're pressed into chewable dog treats of different shapes and sizes. To make them more appealing for dogs, some rawhide treats contain beef, chicken, or liver flavorings.

reactive dogs

Reactivity is commonly confused with aggression, but is actually one of the underlying signs of aggression. Dogs that are reactive are driven by fear, and ofen overreact to certain situation

recreational bones

Recreational bones are weight bearing bones that are meant more for activity and dental cleaning than part of a meal.

retractable leash

A leash that extends from a spring-loaded device, housed inside a plastic handle. The leash is usually made of cord and very thin.

rolled cow skin

The skin protects the cattle from outside elements. It is made of tissue that regulates temperature, aids in water retention, and protects from the sun

ruminants

Ruminants are mammals that acquire nutrients from plants by fermenting it in specialized stomachs before digestion.

SACN

SACN is the acronym of the book Small Animal Clinical Nutrition.

Sarolaner

Sarolaner is the active ingredient in Simparica®

Satiety

A state of fullness

Selamectin

Selamectin is a parasiticide that belongs to the avermectin class of compounds.

Serotonin

Serotonin is the “happy chemical” that when released by the brain, promotes emotional well-being

Short Chain Fatty Acids

Short chain fatty acids are produced when the body digests protein.

Spinosad

Spinosad is a naturally derived insecticide that targets the nervous system of fleas.

Swelling

Medical condition with enlargement of the affected area due to the accumulation of fluid in any area of the body.

Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a spinal cord disorder caused by a fluid-filled cyst (called a syrinx).

salmon skin & chunks

Salmon is one of the most popular types of seafood. Salmon hatch and lay their eggs in fresh water, and then return to the ocean. They are a larger fish.

sardines

Sardines are a nutrient-rich, small, oily fish. They are a great source of omega-3 fatty acids and are commonly served in cans!

saturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids are a type of fatty acids with a chemical structure that contains single bonds. They are straight so they can pack tightly together. They have a higher melting point and usually form solids at room temperature like butter.

separation anxiety

signs of stress and nervousness such as destruction, vocalizing, and restlessness when the dog is alone or separated from its dependency.

slippery elm bark powder

Slippery Elm Bark Powder is powder made from a type of elm that is native to North America. It produces a gelatinous substance called mucilage, which is used for medicinal purposes.

smelt

Small fish that migrate to fresh water to breed and lay eggs. They are eaten by many larger fish, so they have a shorter lifespan and are less risk for mercury. Some species of smelts are the few fish that fishermen are allowed to hand fish.

snuffle mat

A snuffle mat is considered an interactive feeder toy that encourages a dog to forage for food.

soluble fiber

Soluble fiber attracts water, turning itself into a gel during digestion which slows digestion. Examples of soluble fiber include oats, chia seeds, beans, pears, psyllium, inulin and more!

soy

Soy is a protein derived from soybeans, commonly used as a replacement for animal protein in foods. Soy is not easily digestible for humans letalone dogs, so foods or treats with soy in them you should skip.

species appropriate

Species appropriate is the optimal diet that was intended for dogs. If you look at the digestive tract and teeth of dogs, they were made to eat a high meat diet.

spiral pizzle

pizzles are the part of the bull that makes it a bull. It is crucial for reproduction and the preservation of a species.

starch

a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units. starch, or carbohydrate, is an important part of the extrusion process when making kibble. most dry dog foods contain at least 30% starch. the average starch content is 40% and some dry foods can contain up to 60% starch

sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide that is made up of one glucose molecule with one fructose molecule.

Tartar

Tartar, also known as dental calculus, is a hardened and mineralized form of plaque that accumulates on a dog's teeth over time

Tetrachlorvinphos

Tetrachlorvinphos is used as an oral larvicide in livestock and against flies in dairy.

Thiamine

Thiamine is also known as Vitamin B1.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols) are a form of fat that is found in the blood.

Trytophan

A dietary amino acid that modulates mood and behavior in dogs

training tools

training tools are any sort of tool used in modifying or correcting behavior and communicating with your dog

turkey breast

The breast is located on the chest and is often used as an alternative to chicken. Turkey breast is commonly consumed by humans, but raw turkey is super nutritious and lean for pups to enjoy too.

turkey gizzards

Gizzard is part of the stomach that poultry have and use to grind down their food, also known as the ventrilicus.

turkey necks

The neck supports the head and helps it move, so the animal may look around. Turkey necks, unlike duck necks and chicken necks, are covered in wrinkly looking skin and not as feathery. They are very meaty so they make a great chew for dogs since the meat acts as floss

turmeric

turmeric and its most active compound curcumin have many health benefits, such as the potential to prevent heart disease, Alzheimer's and cancer. it's a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and may also help improve arthritis.

Ultrasonic dissolution

A non-invasive veterinary procedure that uses high frequency ultrasound waves to dissolve urinary bladder stones.

Urease

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, a nitrogen-containing compound found in urine and other bodily fluids, into carbon dioxide and ammonia.

Urinary calculus

Another term for bladder stones

unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their chemical structure, forming kinks. They are usually liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil. Monounsaturated fats contain one double bond and polyunsaturated fats contain multiple double bonds

urohydropropulsion

Insertion of a catheter into the bladder to flush urinary bladder stones out with saline.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It exists in several forms, with retinol being the most usable form for the body.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble, essential nutrient that the body cannot produce on its own, so it must be obtained through the diet.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in various bodily functions, including nerve function, DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and energy metabolism.

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential in various bodily functions.

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, contributing to overall health and well-being.

Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes within the body.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions and overall health.

Vitamin B7

Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions.

Vitamin B9

Vitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, especially in cell division and the production of DNA and RNA.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, is often called the immunity vitamin due to its immune system boosting properties.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy bones, teeth, and overall health. It exists in several forms, with the two major forms being vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in several forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form for humans and animals.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in two primary forms: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone).

vaccination

Vaccinations are a treatment intended to prevent a disease.

Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water upon entering the body. Dogs cannot store excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins for later use.

Whole Prey

Whole prey for dogs is a raw diet that includes whole animals such as chickens, rabbits, and ducks, among others.

warming (qi tonic) proteins

traditional chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that a person's (or animal's) natural energy requires balance that can be achieved through a variety of factors such as food. each animal protein or plant-based ingredient has an energy that can interact with your pet's natural energy. warming (Qi tonic) foods warm the body and allow the body to develop and maintain warmth.

xylitol

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sugar substitute. It is toxic to dogs.

yelloweye rockfish

Yelloweye Rockfish feed on other smaller fish and can live to be older than one hundred years old. They are slow maturing, and generally reach maturity at 10-20 years, so they can be easily overfished.

zinc

Zinc is a trace mineral that contributes to a healthy immune system and metabolism.